Standard ukulele tuning follows a specific sequence of notes that defines the instrument's sonic character. For the most common sizes, this configuration dictates the range and relationship between the strings. Understanding this setup is fundamental for any player, whether tuning by ear, using a digital tuner, or exploring alternative methods.
Standard Tuning for Soprano, Concert, and Tenor Ukuleles
The soprano, concert, and tenor ukuleles share an identical tuning configuration, which is often remembered by the mnemonic "My Dog Has Fleas." This refers to the notes G, C, E, and A, ordered from the top, or fourth string, to the bottom, or first string. The G string is tuned to G4, the C string to C4, the E string to E4, and the A string to A4.
Soprano Ukulele Strings
The soprano ukulele, being the smallest and most traditional size, produces a bright and percussive sound with this tuning. Its scale length is typically around 13 inches, and the standard gCEA tuning defines its classic sound. Players new to the instrument will find this configuration to be the standard used in the vast majority of beginner lessons and songbooks.
Concert and Tenor Tuning
Both the concert and tenor ukuleles utilize the exact same gCEA tuning as the soprano. The primary difference lies in their scale length and body size. The concert ukulele offers a slightly deeper tone and more space for fingerpicking, while the tenor provides an even richer, fuller sound with a longer fretboard, yet they maintain the same musical intervals between the strings.
Baritone Ukulele Tuning
Unlike the other common sizes, the baritone ukulele diverges from the standard tuning to produce a distinctively warmer, guitar-like tone. It is tuned to D4, G3, B3, and E4, which corresponds to the top four strings of a standard guitar. This tuning is a perfect fourth lower than the soprano, concert, and tenor ukuleles, placing it in a different key entirely.
Why Different Tuning for Baritone
The baritone’s larger body and longer scale length naturally lend themselves to lower frequencies. By tuning to DGBE, players can easily adapt guitar chords and fingerstyle patterns to the ukulele. This makes the baritone an excellent choice for musicians transitioning from guitar or those seeking a bassier, more resonant sound for melodies and chords.
Tuning Mechanics and Methods
Regardless of the ukulele type, the mechanism for tightening or loosening the strings remains consistent. Turning the tuning pegs clockwise increases tension, raising the pitch, while turning counterclockwise decreases tension, lowering the pitch. Modern ukuleles typically feature geared friction pegs or planetary geared tuners, which provide precise and stable tuning.
Practical Tuning Approaches
Use an electronic tuner for the most accurate and efficient results, clipping it directly to the headstock.
Tune by ear using a reference pitch from a piano, another instrument, or a digital tuning app.
Pluck the string and adjust the corresponding peg until the note matches the target pitch.
Ensure the string settles into the nut and saddle to maintain stability; retune gently after initial stretching.
Considerations for String Types and Tension
The choice of strings can subtly influence the feel and sound of the instrument, which in turn affects the tuning experience. Nylon strings are standard for classical tuning, offering a soft touch and warm tone. Fluorocarbon strings, however, are denser and more durable, providing a brighter sound and greater tuning stability across varying humidity levels.
